Git常用命令详解及操作图解演示

首先看下Git常用命令的表格汇总，具体如下：

命令名称	作用
git config –global user.name 用户名	设置用户签名
git config –global user.email 邮箱	设置用户签名
git init	初始化本地库
git status	查看本地库状态
git add 文件名	添加到暂存区
git commit -m “日志信息” 文件名	提交到本地库
git reflog	查看历史记录
git reset –hard 版本号	版本穿梭

设置用户签名

1）基本语法

git config --global user.name 用户名
git config --global user.email 邮箱

2）案例实操

全局范围的签名设置：

Layne@LAPTOP-Layne MINGW64 /d/Git-Space/SH0720 (master)
$ git config --global user.name Layne
Layne@LAPTOP-Layne MINGW64 /d/Git-Space/SH0720 (master)
$ git config --global user.email Layne@atguigu.com
Layne@LAPTOP-Layne MINGW64 /d/Git-Space/SH0720 (master)
$ cat ~/.gitconfig
[user]
name = Layne
email = Layne@atguigu.com

说明：
签名的作用是区分不同操作者身份。用户的签名信息在每一个版本的提交信息中能够看到，以此确认本次提交是谁做的。Git 首次安装必须设置一下用户签名，否则无法提交代码。

※注意：这里设置用户签名和将来登录 GitHub（或其他代码托管中心）的账号没有任何关系。

初始化本地库

1）基本语法

git init

2）案例实操

Layne@LAPTOP-Layne MINGW64 /d/Git-Space/SH0720
$ git init
Initialized empty Git repository in D:/Git-Space/SH0720/.git/
Layne@LAPTOP-Layne MINGW64 /d/Git-Space/SH0720 (master)
$ ll -a
total 4
drwxr-xr-x 1 Layne 197609 0 11 月 25 14:07 ./
drwxr-xr-x 1 Layne 197609 0 11 月 25 14:07 ../
drwxr-xr-x 1 Layne 197609 0 11 月 25 14:07 .git/ （.git 初始化的效果，生成 git）

3）结果查看

查看本地库状态

1）基本语法

git status

2）案例实操

首次查看（工作区没有任何文件）

Layne@LAPTOP-Layne MINGW64 /d/Git-Space/SH0720 (master)
$ git status
On branch master
No commits yet
nothing to commit (create/copy files and use "git add" to track)

新增文件（hello.txt）

Layne@LAPTOP-Layne MINGW64 /d/Git-Space/SH0720 (master)
$ vim hello.txt
hello git! hello atguigu!
hello git! hello atguigu!
hello git! hello atguigu!
hello git! hello atguigu!
hello git! hello atguigu!
hello git! hello atguigu!
hello git! hello atguigu!
hello git! hello atguigu!
hello git! hello atguigu!
hello git! hello atguigu!
hello git! hello atguigu!
hello git! hello atguigu!
hello git! hello atguigu!
hello git! hello atguigu!
hello git! hello atguigu!
hello git! hello atguigu!

再次查看（检测到未追踪的文件）

Layne@LAPTOP-Layne MINGW64 /d/Git-Space/SH0720 (master)
$ git status
On branch master
No commits yet
Untracked files:
 (use "git add <file>..." to include in what will be committed)
 hello.txt
nothing added to commit but untracked files present (use "git add" to track)

添加暂存区

将工作区的文件添加到暂存区

1）基本语法

git add 文件名

2）案例实操

Layne@LAPTOP-Layne MINGW64 /d/Git-Space/SH0720 (master)
$ git add hello.txt
warning: LF will be replaced by CRLF in hello.txt.
The file will have its original line endings in your working
directory.

查看状态（检测到暂存区有新文件）

Layne@LAPTOP-Layne MINGW64 /d/Git-Space/SH0720 (master)
$ git status
On branch master
No commits yet
Changes to be committed:
 (use "git rm --cached <file>..." to unstage)
 new file: hello.txt

提交本地库

将暂存区的文件提交到本地库

1）基本语法

git commit -m "日志信息" 文件名

2）案例实操

Layne@LAPTOP-Layne MINGW64 /d/Git-Space/SH0720 (master)
$ git commit -m "my first commit" hello.txt
warning: LF will be replaced by CRLF in hello.txt.
The file will have its original line endings in your working
directory.
[master (root-commit) 86366fa] my first commit
1 file changed, 16 insertions(+)
create mode 100644 hello.txt

查看状态（没有文件需要提交）

Layne@LAPTOP-Layne MINGW64 /d/Git-Space/SH0720 (master)
$ git status
On branch master
nothing to commit, working tree clean

修改文件（hello.txt）

Layne@LAPTOP-Layne MINGW64 /d/Git-Space/SH0720 (master)
$ vim hello.txt
hello git! hello atguigu! 2222222222222
hello git! hello atguigu!
hello git! hello atguigu!
hello git! hello atguigu!
hello git! hello atguigu!
hello git! hello atguigu!
hello git! hello atguigu!
hello git! hello atguigu!
hello git! hello atguigu!
hello git! hello atguigu!
hello git! hello atguigu!
hello git! hello atguigu!
hello git! hello atguigu!
hello git! hello atguigu!
hello git! hello atguigu!
hello git! hello atguigu!

查看状态（检测到工作区有文件被修改）

Layne@LAPTOP-Layne MINGW64 /d/Git-Space/SH0720 (master)
$ git status
On branch master
Changes not staged for commit:
 (use "git add <file>..." to update what will be committed)
 (use "git checkout -- <file>..." to discard changes in working
directory)
 modified: hello.txt
no changes added to commit (use "git add" and/or "git commit -a")

将修改的文件再次添加暂存区

Layne@LAPTOP-Layne MINGW64 /d/Git-Space/SH0720 (master)
$ git add hello.txt
warning: LF will be replaced by CRLF in hello.txt.
The file will have its original line endings in your working directory.

查看状态（工作区的修改添加到了暂存区）

Layne@LAPTOP-Layne MINGW64 /d/Git-Space/SH0720 (master)
$ git status
On branch master
Changes to be committed:
 (use "git reset HEAD <file>..." to unstage)
 modified: hello.txt

历史版本

查看历史版本

1）基本语法

git reflog 查看版本信息
git log 查看版本详细信息

2）案例实操

Layne@LAPTOP-Layne MINGW64 /d/Git-Space/SH0720 (master)
$ git reflog
087a1a7 (HEAD -> master) HEAD@{0}: commit: my third commit
ca8ded6 HEAD@{1}: commit: my second commit
86366fa HEAD@{2}: commit (initial): my first commit

版本穿梭

1）基本语法

git reset --hard 版本号

2）案例实操

--首先查看当前的历史记录，可以看到当前是在 087a1a7 这个版本
Layne@LAPTOP-Layne MINGW64 /d/Git-Space/SH0720 (master)
$ git reflog
087a1a7 (HEAD -> master) HEAD@{0}: commit: my third commit
ca8ded6 HEAD@{1}: commit: my second commit
86366fa HEAD@{2}: commit (initial): my first commit
--切换到 86366fa 版本，也就是我们第一次提交的版本
Layne@LAPTOP-Layne MINGW64 /d/Git-Space/SH0720 (master)
$ git reset --hard 86366fa
HEAD is now at 86366fa my first commit
--切换完毕之后再查看历史记录，当前成功切换到了 86366fa 版本
Layne@LAPTOP-Layne MINGW64 /d/Git-Space/SH0720 (master)
$ git reflog
86366fa (HEAD -> master) HEAD@{0}: reset: moving to 86366fa
087a1a7 HEAD@{1}: commit: my third commit
ca8ded6 HEAD@{2}: commit: my second commit
86366fa (HEAD -> master) HEAD@{3}: commit (initial): my first commit
--然后查看文件 hello.txt，发现文件内容已经变化
$ cat hello.txt
hello git! hello atguigu!
hello git! hello atguigu!
hello git! hello atguigu!
hello git! hello atguigu!
hello git! hello atguigu!
hello git! hello atguigu!
hello git! hello atguigu!
hello git! hello atguigu!
hello git! hello atguigu!
hello git! hello atguigu!
hello git! hello atguigu!
hello git! hello atguigu!
hello git! hello atguigu!
hello git! hello atguigu!
hello git! hello atguigu!
hello git! hello atguigu!

Git 切换版本，底层其实是移动的 HEAD 指针，具体原理如下图所示。